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Ireland

Capital:Dublin
Population:5.1M
Currency:Euro (EUR)
Language:English (official, the language generally used), Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official, spoken mainly in areas along the western coast)
The ocean at Coumeenole, Ireland

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Quick Look Factsheet

A multi-page overview of Ireland.

Ireland Factsheet

Customs and Culture

Cultural Attributes

Friendship is an important part of Irish culture. Loyalty to family and friends is highly valued and many Irish legends and songs describe the lengths to which people will go to help friends or family members. The Irish are courteous, quick-witted, and will go out of their way to welcome visitors to their country.

Although they work very hard, the Irish are dedicated to a less stressful lifestyle that allows time for friends and family, a visit to the pub, a cup of tea, or just a bit of a chat on the corner. In the past decade, Ireland has undergone a social revolution. Practices once forbidden by the Catholic church are now permitted.

The Irish love to meet their friends in pubs, where they chat, sing songs, and tell stories. There are more than 11,000 pubs in Ireland. Although the legal drinking age is 18, anyone over the age of 14 may enter a pub.

The Irish are not very physically demonstrative and are not comfortable with public displays of affection. They are uncomfortable with loud, aggressive, and arrogant behavior. A “Reverse V for victory” gesture is considered obscene.

The Irish are not very time-conscious and may not be punctual for business and social meetings. They have a relaxed sense of time and may be a little late for meetings. Irish people tend to be creative and calm in a crisis. They prefer to improvise rather than follow a rigid plan.

The ocean at Coumeenole, Ireland

Land of Rebellion and Resilient Song

Get More Customs and Culture

5 more cultural topics for members

Social Customs & Etiquette · Diet · Family · Dating Customs · Recreation

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Holidays

  • Saint Patrick's Day

    3/17

    Other

  • Birth date - Clive Staples (C.S.)Lewis

    11/29

    Birthday

    Birth date - Clive Staples (C.S.) Lewis, British author, was born on Nov. 29, 1898 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Dates of Interest

  • August

    Founded in the 17th century. Fruits and flowers are offered as gifts to God. Old-style country fair.

How do people greet each other in Ireland?

Shake hands with everyone present—men, women, and children—when arriving, and shake hands again when leaving. The Irish are courteous and welcoming to visitors.

Do

  • Shake hands with everyone present at business or social gatherings
  • Shake hands again when you leave

Don’t

  • Don't engage in public displays of affection—the Irish are not very physically demonstrative
  • Don't be loud, aggressive, or arrogant

What are meals and food like in Ireland?

Irish cooking centers on meat, potatoes, and vegetables like onions and cabbage, with the main meal traditionally served at noon.

Do

  • Try potato dishes like boxty, colcannon, and potato bread
  • Sample Irish stew (struisín gaelach), black and white pudding, and Dublin Bay prawns
  • Enjoy tea at any time of day, plus stout, cider, or Irish whiskey

Good to know

  • The day starts with a filling breakfast such as eggs and bacon
  • The main meal is at noon; supper in the early evening is lighter
  • Many finish the day with a light snack and a cup of tea before bed

What should I know about Irish etiquette and social attitudes?

The Irish value friendship, loyalty, and a relaxed, less stressful lifestyle, often meeting friends in pubs to chat, sing, and tell stories.

Do

  • Relax—the Irish prefer a less stressful pace with time for chat
  • Expect people to improvise rather than follow rigid plans

Don’t

  • Don't expect strict punctuality—people may be a little late for meetings
  • Don't behave loudly, aggressively, or arrogantly

Good to know

  • Pubs are central to social life; anyone over 14 may enter, though the legal drinking age is 18
  • The Irish tend to stay creative and calm in a crisis

How should I dress in Ireland?

Clothing worn in public is conservative, following European fashions with an Irish influence.

Do

  • Dress conservatively
  • Carry a raincoat year-round

Don’t

  • Avoid shorts, flashy colors, and flashy styles, which are uncommon

Are there gestures to avoid in Ireland?

Be mindful of hand gestures—one common gesture is considered obscene.

Don’t

  • Don't make the 'Reverse V for victory' gesture—it is obscene

What is family life like in Ireland?

Families are close-knit, with loyalty to family highly valued and a strong tradition of hospitality and kindness to strangers.

Good to know

  • Children usually live with their parents until they marry
  • Families commonly care for elderly relatives at home rather than in retirement homes
  • Catholicism remains an important part of customs and culture, though society has changed

What sports and recreation are popular in Ireland?

Traditional Irish sports include hurling (and camogie), Gaelic football, and road bowling, while popular activities range from swimming and golf to soccer and cycling.

Good to know

  • Hurling/camogie uses a curved stick called a hurley to hit a leather ball
  • Gaelic football is similar to hurling but uses no stick
  • Road bowling involves bowling a metal 'bullet' along a two- or three-mile course
  • Popular sports include swimming, golf, soccer, cycling, and tennis

Last updated: 2026-07-12 · Sources: CountryReports

Photos of Ireland

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Travel and Tourism

Travel Alert Status
Level 1: Exercise Normal Precautions
Currency
euro (EUR)
Time Difference
UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Climate
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Airports
39
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Recipes

Featured Dish

Irish Stew

Soup

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History

Historical Eras

  1. Prehistoric & Celtic Ireland

    6000 BCE – 432

    The earliest settlers arrived around 6000 BC, followed by Neolithic and Bronze Age peoples who left behind megalithic monuments and elaborate goldwork. Celtic tribes invaded from the fourth century BC onward, establishing five kingdoms with a rich oral and artistic culture. This Gaelic civilization, though marked by constant inter-kingdom conflict, laid the linguistic and cultural foundations of Irish identity.

  2. Christian & Monastic Era

    432 – 1169

    St. Patrick's arrival in 432 initiated the rapid Christianization of Ireland, displacing the druid tradition and spurring the founding of great monasteries at Clonmacnoise, Armagh, and Iona. Irish monks preserved Latin and Greek learning through the European Dark Ages and produced masterworks such as the Book of Kells. Two centuries of destructive Viking raids beginning in the late 8th century reshaped settlement patterns before Brian Boru's decisive victory at Clontarf in 1014 broke Norse power.

  3. Norman & Medieval Ireland

    1169 – 1534

    The Anglo-Norman invasion beginning in 1169, sanctioned by Pope Adrian IV and led by Richard de Clare ('Strongbow'), brought feudal structures and English royal claims to Ireland. Norman settlers gradually assimilated into Gaelic society, becoming 'more Irish than the Irish themselves,' a process the English Crown attempted to reverse through the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366. English authority in practice contracted to a coastal enclave around Dublin known as the Pale, while Gaelic lords and Hiberno-Norman dynasties dominated the interior.

  4. Tudor & Stuart Conquest

    1534 – 1691

    Henry VIII's break with Rome transformed Irish resistance into a religious as well as political conflict, as the Crown imposed Protestantism on a predominantly Catholic population. The Ulster Plantation of the early 17th century settled Scottish and English Protestants on confiscated Gaelic lands, fundamentally altering the north's demographic character. Successive rebellions — including the Great Catholic-Gaelic Rebellion of 1641 and Cromwell's brutal campaign of 1649-52 — were crushed, and the Williamite victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 entrenched Protestant Ascendancy.

  5. Union & Nationalist Struggle

    1691 – 1921

    Penal Laws systematically excluded Catholics from land ownership, education, and political life; by 1714 Catholics held barely 7% of Irish land. The Act of Union in 1800 dissolved the Irish Parliament and bound Ireland directly to Westminster, while the Great Famine of 1845–52 killed over one million and triggered mass emigration that permanently transformed the island's population. The Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Home Rule movement under Parnell, and finally the Easter Rising of 1916 built the momentum that brought the Anglo-Irish War and the 1921 Treaty establishing the Irish Free State.

  6. Independent Ireland

    1921 – present

    The Irish Free State was established in 1922 following partition, with six Ulster counties remaining in the United Kingdom; a devastating civil war over the Treaty's terms followed almost immediately. Full republican status was declared in 1948, and Ireland's accession to the European Community in 1973 accelerated economic and social modernization. The 1998 Good Friday Agreement, brokered with British and American involvement, brought an uneasy peace to Northern Ireland and opened new possibilities for cross-border cooperation.

Overview

The Irish people are mainly of Celtic origin, with the country’s only significant sized minority having descended from the Anglo-Normans. English is the common language, but Irish (Gaelic) is also an official language and is taught in schools.

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Timeline of Key Events

  1. 600 BCE – 150 BCE

    Celtic tribes settled on the island

    Celtic tribes settled on the island.

  2. 100 BCE

    Arrival of the Gaels

    Arrival of the Gaels.

  3. 432

    Arrival of St. Patrick

    Arrival of St. Patrick to help convert pagan Irish Gaelic Kings to Christianity.

  4. 461

    St. Patrick dies

    St. Patrick dies, after having achieved his dream of introducing both Roman Civilization, and the Christian Church to Ireland.

  5. 920

    Vikings established settlements at Limerick

    Vikings established settlements at Limerick.

  6. 1167 – 1169

    Arrival of Normans

    Arrival of Normans at Baginbun in Co. Wexford thus started 800 year struggle between English and Irish.

  7. 1547

    Henry VIII dies

    Henry VIII dies, succeeded by the boy king Edward VI. England and Ireland were ruled by the senior nobility of England.

View full timeline (34 events)
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Interesting Facts

  • Ireland per capita drinks the most milk in the world with the average per person each year consuming 164.46 quarts (that's approx. 1.8 cups per person each day or 656 cups per year).

  • Famous Irish-Canadians include Guy Carleton, governor of Quebec in the 18th century, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, one of the fathers of Confederation, and Timothy Eaton, founder of the T. Eaton Company..

  • In 1998, Parks Canada unveiled a monument to Irish immigrants on Grosse Ile in the St. Lawrence River. Irish immigrants were quarantined on the island before they entered Canada. In the 1830s, thousands of Irish people died of cholera there and in the 1840s, thousands more died of typhus and were buried on the island.

  • Peat, or “young coal,” is a type of fuel composed of plants that have decayed in marshes and swamps. Peat bogs cover more than 15% of Ireland. The peat is cut into bricks and dried. Peat can be burned for heat in homes or used to generate electricity in power plants.

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Geography and Environment

The island of Ireland ("Éire" in the Irish language) is divided politically into two parts: Ireland and Northern Ireland. Ireland (formally referred to as the "Republic of Ireland") contains 26 of the island's 32 counties. Northern Ireland contains the six counties in the northeast and has been administered as a part of the U.K. since partition in 1922.
Terrain
mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast
Climate
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Natural Hazards
NA
Current Environmental Issues
water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural runoff
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People & Demographics

Religion

Languages Spoken

English (official, the language generally used), Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official, spoken mainly in areas along the western coast)

  • Irish
  • English

Population

Population
5,149,139
Population: Male/Female
male: 2,590,542 female: 2,642,919
Population Distribution
population distribution is weighted to the eastern side of the island, with the largest concentration being in and around Dublin; populations in the west are small due to mountainous land, poorer soil, lack of good transport routes, and fewer job opportunities
Urban Population
urban population: 64.5% of total population rate of urbanization: 1.15% annual rate of change
Population in Major Urban Areas
1.270 million DUBLIN (capital)
Nationality Noun
noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective plural) adjective: Irish
Ethnic Groups
Irish 76.6%, Irish travelers 0.6%, other White 9.9%, Asian 3.3%, Black 1.5%, other (includes Arab, Roma, and persons of mixed backgrounds) 2%, unspecified 2.6%
Language Note
English (official, the language generally used), Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official, spoken by approximately 37.7% of the population as of 2022; mainly spoken in areas along Ireland's western coast known as gaeltachtai, which are officially recognized regions where Irish is the predominant language)

Education

Literacy Definition
age 15 and over can read and write

Health Information

Life Expectancy at Birth
total population: 82.3 years male: 80.5 years female: 84.1 years
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 10.91 liters of pure alcohol beer: 4.92 liters of pure alcohol wine: 2.88 liters of pure alcohol spirits: 2.29 liters of pure alcohol other alcohols: 0.82 liters of pure alcohol
Tobacco Use
total: 20.8% male: 22.5% female: 19%
Infant Mortality Rate
total: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Life Expectancy

Life Expectancy at Birth
total population: 82.3 years male: 80.5 years female: 84.1 years
Median Age
total: 40.2 years male: 39.7 years female: 40.6 years
Age Structure
0-14 years: 18.6% (male 498,124/female 477,848) 15-64 years: 65.5% (male 1,701,680/female 1,728,041) 65 years and over: 15.8% (male 390,738/female 437,030)
Infant Mortality Rate
total: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births
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Government & Politics

Country Identity

Country Name
Ireland

Government Structure

Government Type
republic
Legal System
based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Executive Branch
chief of state: President Michael D. HIGGINS (since 11 November 2011; reelected for a second term on 26 October 2018) head of government: Prime Minister (Taoiseach) Micheál MARTIN (since 9 April 2025); note - Simon HARRIS served as Taoiseach from April 2024 until April 2025 following the formation of a new coalition government after the November 2024 general election cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with previous nomination by the prime minister and approval of the House of Representatives (Dáil Éireann) elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held on 26 October 2018 (next scheduled for October 2025); prime minister nominated by the House of Representatives and appointed by the president election results: Michael D. HIGGINS reelected president in 2018; percent of vote - Michael D. HIGGINS 55.8%, Peter CASEY 23.3%, Seán GALLAGHER 6.4%, Liadh NÍ RIADA 6.4%, Joan FREEMAN 6.0%, Gavin DUFFY 2.2% note: current government coalition consists of Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and the Green Party, formed following the 2020 general election; a new coalition of Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and independent members was formed in 2025 following the November 2024 general election
Legislative Branch
Bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Éireann (60 seats — 43 elected by vocational panels, 6 elected by university graduates, and 11 nominated by the Taoiseach; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dáil Éireann (160 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation using the single transferable vote to serve five-year terms). Elections: Senate — last held in April 2020 (next to be held by 2025); House of Representatives — last held on 29 November 2024 (next to be held by 2029). Election results: Senate — percent of vote by party — NA; seats by party — Fianna Fáil 16, Fine Gael 12, Sinn Féin 7, Green Party 4, Labour Party 4, independents and others 17; House of Representatives — percent of vote by party — Fianna Fáil 21.9%, Fine Gael 20.9%, Sinn Féin 24.1%, Labour Party 4.3%, Social Democrats 4.8%, Green Party 1.9%, others and independents 22.1%; seats by party — Fianna Fáil 48, Fine Gael 38, Sinn Féin 39, Labour Party 9, Social Democrats 11, Green Party 1, Independents and others 14.
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet)
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Constitution
29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite
Independence
6 December 1921 (from UK by treaty)
National Holiday
Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March

Capital City

Capital Name
Dublin
Capital - geographic coordinate
53 19 N, 6 14 W
Capital Time Difference
UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

derived from Irish dubh and lind meaning respectively "black, dark" and "pool" and which referred to the dark tidal pool where the River Poddle entered the River Liffey; today the area is the site of the castle gardens behind Dublin Castle

Military

Branches: Irish Defense Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn), Permanent Defence Force: Army, Naval Service, Air Corps

Embassy / Diplomatic Mission

U.S. Embassy Dublin

42 Elgin Road

Ballsbridge

Dublin 4

Telephone: 353-1-668-8777

Emergency after-hours telephone: 353-1-630-6200

Facsimile: 353-1-668-8056

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Economy

Ireland is a small, modern, knowledge-based, and highly open economy that ranks among the wealthiest in the European Union on a per capita basis.

Snapshot

Currency Name and Code
Euro (EUR)
GDP — official exchange rate
$188,400,000,000 (USD)
GDP Real Growth Rate
5.2%
Gini Index
35.9
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News & Weather

Current Weather

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Latest News

News via Google News

Climate Overview

temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time

Videos

2 curated YouTube videos.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the population of Ireland?
The population of Ireland is approximately 5.1M.
How do people greet each other in Ireland?
Shake hands with everyone present—men, women, and children—when arriving, and shake hands again when leaving. The Irish are courteous and welcoming to visitors. Do: Shake hands with everyone present at business or social gatherings Shake hands again when you leave Don't: Don't engage in public displays of affection—the Irish are not very physically demonstrative Don't be loud, aggressive, or arrogant
What are meals and food like in Ireland?
Irish cooking centers on meat, potatoes, and vegetables like onions and cabbage, with the main meal traditionally served at noon. Do: Try potato dishes like boxty, colcannon, and potato bread Sample Irish stew (struisín gaelach), black and white pudding, and Dublin Bay prawns Enjoy tea at any time of day, plus stout, cider, or Irish whiskey The day starts with a filling breakfast such as eggs and bacon The main meal is at noon; supper in the early evening is lighter Many finish the day with a light snack and a cup of tea before bed
What should I know about Irish etiquette and social attitudes?
The Irish value friendship, loyalty, and a relaxed, less stressful lifestyle, often meeting friends in pubs to chat, sing, and tell stories. Do: Relax—the Irish prefer a less stressful pace with time for chat Expect people to improvise rather than follow rigid plans Don't: Don't expect strict punctuality—people may be a little late for meetings Don't behave loudly, aggressively, or arrogantly Pubs are central to social life; anyone over 14 may enter, though the legal drinking age is 18 The Irish tend to stay creative and calm in a crisis
How should I dress in Ireland?
Clothing worn in public is conservative, following European fashions with an Irish influence. Do: Dress conservatively Carry a raincoat year-round Don't: Avoid shorts, flashy colors, and flashy styles, which are uncommon
Are there gestures to avoid in Ireland?
Be mindful of hand gestures—one common gesture is considered obscene. Don't: Don't make the 'Reverse V for victory' gesture—it is obscene
What is family life like in Ireland?
Families are close-knit, with loyalty to family highly valued and a strong tradition of hospitality and kindness to strangers. Children usually live with their parents until they marry Families commonly care for elderly relatives at home rather than in retirement homes Catholicism remains an important part of customs and culture, though society has changed
What sports and recreation are popular in Ireland?
Traditional Irish sports include hurling (and camogie), Gaelic football, and road bowling, while popular activities range from swimming and golf to soccer and cycling. Hurling/camogie uses a curved stick called a hurley to hit a leather ball Gaelic football is similar to hurling but uses no stick Road bowling involves bowling a metal 'bullet' along a two- or three-mile course Popular sports include swimming, golf, soccer, cycling, and tennis
What is the capital of Ireland?
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland, situated on the east coast at the mouth of the River Liffey. It serves as the country's political, economic, and cultural hub, home to the national parliament (the Oireachtas) and many of Ireland's most storied institutions. Founded by Viking settlers in the 9th century, Dublin grew into a major European city and today draws millions of visitors annually to landmarks such as Trinity College, Dublin Castle, and the historic Guinness Storehouse.
Where is Ireland located?
Ireland is an island nation located in northwestern Europe, situated in the North Atlantic Ocean to the west of Great Britain. It occupies most of the island of Ireland, the second-largest island in the British Isles. The country is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south, the Irish Sea to the east, and the North Channel and St. George's Channel to the northeast and southeast respectively. It shares a land border only with Northern Ireland, which remains part of the United Kingdom.
What is the predominant religion in Ireland?
Roman Catholicism is by far the dominant religion in Ireland, historically claimed by approximately 88% of the population. The Church of Ireland, an Anglican denomination, accounts for roughly 3%, with other faiths and none making up the remainder. Catholicism has shaped Irish culture, law, and identity for centuries, though the country has undergone significant secularization in recent decades, with practices once prohibited by the Church — including divorce and same-sex marriage — now legally permitted following public referendums.
What currency does Ireland use?
Ireland uses the Euro, ISO code EUR, as its official currency. Ireland adopted the Euro in 1999 as a founding member of the Eurozone, replacing the Irish pound (punt). Joining the European Community in 1973 and subsequently the single currency area cemented Ireland's deep economic integration with continental Europe. Today the Euro is used in all daily transactions across the Republic of Ireland, though neighboring Northern Ireland continues to use the British pound sterling.
What languages are spoken in Ireland?
Ireland has two official languages: English and Irish (also known as Gaelic or Gaeilge). English is the language used in the vast majority of everyday life, commerce, and government. Irish, a Celtic language with roots stretching back over two millennia, is spoken as a community language primarily in scattered areas along the western coast collectively known as the Gaeltacht. Irish is a compulsory subject in state schools and holds strong symbolic importance as a marker of national identity, even though fluent daily speakers represent a small minority of the population.
What is the geography of Ireland like?
Ireland is a relatively compact island nation in the North Atlantic, characterized by a low-lying central limestone plain ringed by coastal mountain ranges, including the Wicklow Mountains to the southeast and Macgillycuddy's Reeks in the southwest, where Carrauntoohil rises as the country's highest peak at 1,041 metres. The landscape is famously green and pastoral, fed by frequent rainfall from Atlantic weather systems. Ireland's extensive river network, peat bogs, and loughs (lakes) — including the expansive Lough Corrib and Lough Derg — shape both the scenery and the traditional rural way of life.
What languages are spoken in Ireland?
Ireland has two official languages: English and Irish (also known as Gaelic or Gaeilge). English is the language used in the vast majority of everyday life, commerce, and government. Irish, a Celtic language with roots stretching back over two millennia, is spoken as a community language primarily in scattered areas along the western coast collectively known as the Gaeltacht. Irish is a compulsory subject in state schools and holds strong symbolic importance as a marker of national identity, even though fluent daily speakers represent a small minority of the population.
What is Ireland known for?
Ireland is internationally recognized for its rich literary tradition — producing Nobel laureates including W.B. Yeats, Samuel Beckett, and Seamus Heaney — as well as for its vibrant pub culture, with more than 11,000 pubs serving as social and musical hubs across the country. The island is equally associated with traditional Irish music, step dancing, and the St. Patrick's Day festival celebrated globally each March 17th. Ireland is also a leading exporter of dairy products and is notable for its exceptional per-capita milk consumption, reflecting an agricultural heritage deeply tied to its lush, rain-fed pastures.

Last reviewed 2026

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