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百慕大的地理与环境
百慕大的地形、气候、自然资源、灾害和环境条件。
概览
百慕大是一个由七个主要岛屿和大约150个其他岛屿及小岛组成的群岛。这些主要岛屿通过桥梁或堤道相连,从东北向西南延伸,呈狭长形态,西端向北弯曲。在地图上,其形状酷似鱼钩。主要岛屿彼此距离很近,自连接以来,百慕大群岛(或称萨默斯群岛,这是它的另一个名称)通常被称为百慕大岛。 百慕大的总陆地面积约为20平方英里——长约22英里,平均宽度不到1英里——使得该国比曼哈顿市还要小。第二次世界大战期间,美国军方利用从海底疏浚的物料将一些岛屿连接并扩大,创造了现有陆地面积中的1.25平方英里,现在是百慕大国际机场的所在地。 该群岛是一座高14,000至15,000英尺的水下火山山脉的顶峰,该山脉在第一个冰河时代之前就已经熄灭。在火山基底与覆盖其上仅几英寸厚的土壤层之间,有一层200英尺厚的石灰岩层,由软体动物、珊瑚虫和其他海洋生物的沉积物形成。石灰岩基层中的珊瑚成分使百慕大被归类为"珊瑚岛",尽管更完整的描述是在侵蚀的火山基底上由风成石化沙丘和石灰岩构成的混合上层结构。周围的珊瑚礁是真正的珊瑚生长物,使百慕大成为地球上造礁珊瑚存在的最北端。 百慕大位于北纬32'18”、西经65'46”。从地理位置上看,它地处偏远,并不位于西印度群岛或加勒比海地区内部或附近,尽管人们常常错误地将其与这些地区混为一谈。 百慕大地形多丘陵,最高点——吉布斯山——海拔260英尺。一条肥沃的山谷沿主岛延伸。在岩石嶙峋的北岸,经风雕刻的悬崖倾泻入海。类似的岩层为南岸的长滩和小海湾形成了壮观的背景。环绕的珊瑚礁在南海岸距离岸边几码,在北部则距岸边数英里,每天退潮时露出海面,环抱着这些岛屿,完成了整幅地形画卷。 除了几个小池塘外,百慕大没有河流、溪流、湖泊或其他地表淡水结构。在其历史的大部分时间里,人们认为百慕大没有地下水,但在20世纪20年代和30年代发现了位于地下咸水之上的淡水透镜体构造。此后这些水源被开发利用,以补充该岛的主要饮用水源,即从屋顶和铺设的集水区收集的雨水。
详细地理信息
地理特征
- 地形
- 被肥沃洼地分隔开的低矮丘陵
- 气候
- Though far north from tropical latitudes, Bermuda has a mild, humid, frost-free climate. The annual mean temperature is 70.2 degrees Fahrenheit. Highs in summer rarely top 90 degrees, and lows in winter rarely drop under the 50’s. The lowest temperature ever officially recorded was 44 degrees Fahrenheit. The Gulf Stream, running west and north of the island, is the main reason for the good climate. Average annual rainfall is 57.6 inches, spread evenly throughout the year. The year-round high humidity, averaging more than 75%, makes some days uncomfortably sticky in summer and damp and cold in winter. January through March tends to be overcast and squally, although when the sun shines it can be like a breezy spring day. April and May are very pleasant. June through August are very hot and very humid. The heat factor (temperature plus humidity) during the hottest summer months can exceed 110 degrees Fahrenheit. September is the stormy season, although hurricane season officially extends from June through November. Barring hurricanes, October through December are calm, mild, and usually sunny, and are considered by many to be the most pleasant part of the year. The climate, well-distributed rainfall, and heavy dew promote the luxuriant growth of vegetation of every description, despite the dearth of soil. Palms, Australian and Norfolk Island pines, mangroves, poincianas, casuarinas, and ficus trees, citrus, and some tropical fruit trees grow well in Bermuda. Prolific oleander and hibiscus brighten gardens and lanes everywhere. Sadly, the famous Bermuda cedar trees that for centuries dominated the landscape, and were the islands’ pride, were nearly all destroyed by blight in the 1940s. The few remaining native cedars are protected, and some reforestation with blight-resistant stock is underway.
- 天气模式
- http://voap.weather.com/weather/oap/BDXX0001?template=TRVLH&par=1003114983&unit=0&key=5b85ae1d85877a1b34827fba743e2133
- 最高点
- 76 — Town Hill 76 m
- 最低点
- Atlantic Ocean 0 m
边界和面积
- 面积（对比）
- 面积约为华盛顿特区的三分之一
自然资源与灾害
- 自然资源
- 石灰岩地貌,宜人的气候促进了旅游业的发展
- 自然灾害
- hurricanes (June to November)
环境与土地使用
- 当前环境问题
- asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open space; sustainable development