术语表 — Z

以 Z 开头的术语。

zaibatsu: Literally, ""wealth group."" Zaibatsu were powerful industrial or financial combines that merged during the Meiji era and were implicated in the militarist regimes of the 1930s and 1940s. They were an amalgamation of sometimes hundreds of businesses controlled by a holding company owned by a single family. The major zaibatsu were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumimoto, and Yasuda. The zaibatsu were abolished in 1945 and 1946. After 1947, numerous companies formerly controlled by zaibatsu came together as keiretsu (enterprise groups)--conglomerates no longer controlled by a single family and whose individual member companies had greater autonomy than they had had as part of a zaibatsu.
zaim(复数形式:zuama): 被认为是封建时代的遗留物,zaim(阿拉伯语意为领导人)是一位政治领导人,可以是公职人员或权力掮客,其追随者通常来自同一宗教派别。在其管辖区内,zaim拥有绝对权力,他的支持者承诺在选举中保持忠诚,以交换各种恩惠。
zakat: 基于持有一年以上的财富税的伊斯兰社会福利制度。
zamindar: 地主,特别是指1793年英国《永久地产制度法》(地租制)之后出现的地主集团和地主庄园制度。实质上,莫卧儿时期(1526-1858)的前税收征收人在英国统治下成为了地主。地主庄园制度于1950年被废除。; 来源: 美国国会图书馆
土地贵族(复数形式): 地主,特别是指在1793年英国《永久地契法》(租地法)颁布后出现的地主阶层和土地贵族制度。本质上,莫卧儿帝国时期(1526-1858)的前税收征收者在英国统治下成为了地主。
zawiya(复数形式:zawaayaa): 包含清真寺、学校和宗教团体ikhwan(见上文)宿舍的传统修院。
zemecha: Amharic for ""campaign,"" in the military sense; popular term used to denote the military government’s Development Through Cooperation Campaign, which was launched as part of the initial land reform in 1975. Early implementation included forced mobilization of university and secondary school students to explain the socialist revolution, including land reform, to peasants and to improve their traditionally low literacy rate. The term ""green"" zemecha was used to describe the agricultural aspects of the National Revolutionary Development Campaign in 1979.
zila: 见地区。; 来源: 美国国会图书馆
zloty: 波兰国家货币(波兰语拼写为zloty),名义上分为100格罗希。1990年1月1日开始可与西方货币兑换。1990年3月,1美元兑9,824兹罗提；1991年3月,汇率为1美元=9,520兹罗提；1993年3月,汇率为1美元=16,330兹罗提。
Zoroastrianism: 由伊朗先知琐罗亚斯德在公元前六世纪创立的宗教。具有一神论和二元论的特点,对随后创立的宗教产生了影响,包括基督教和伊斯兰教。现在最广泛地由印度的波斯移民所信奉。