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Namibia

Capital:Windhoek
Population:2.1M
Currency:Namibia Dollar (NAD) and South Afrtican Rand (ZAR)
Language:English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
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Quick Look Factsheet

A multi-page overview of Namibia.

Namibia Factsheet

Customs and Culture

About the People

Most rural blacks in Namibia fish, grow crops, or raise livestock for a living. There food crops include corn, millet, and vegetables. Cattle and sheep are the important livestock. Most farmers raise enough food for their own use. Much of Namibia's land is dry but the country is rich in minerals including diamonds and uranium. Lead, copper,tin and zinc help make up mining which is the the most important economic active in Namibia.Most men work in the mines.

Whites account for about 7 percent of the population and most whites live in urban areas.

Cultural Attributes

The majority of rural inhabitants in Namibia engage in fishing, crop cultivation, or livestock rearing to sustain their livelihoods. Their agricultural produce typically includes staples like corn, millet, and various vegetables, while cattle and sheep form integral parts of their livestock. Many farmers cultivate sufficient crops to meet their own dietary needs. Although much of Namibia's terrain is arid, the nation boasts abundant mineral resources, including diamonds and uranium. Mining, encompassing resources like lead, copper, tin, and zinc, is Namibia's predominant economic activity. A significant portion of the male population is employed in the mining sector.

Whites constitute approximately 7 percent of Namibia's populace, with the majority residing in urban areas.

Dunes and tree

Ancient Desert, Modern Spirit

Greetings, Gestures & Visiting

Namibians greet each other as brothers and sisters; handshakes are common, but many also hug their friends. Among some groups, women and youth bend at the knee to show respect to their elders.

To greet someone in Oshivambo, the language most widely used in the north, one would say Nawa (Hello). In Afrikaans you would say Hallo (hello) or Goeie môre (Good Morning). Many Afrikaans sound like German, or a cross between German and Dutch.

In Namibia, as in many cultures, there are certain gestures that may be considered offensive or rude:

1. Pointing with the Finger: Pointing directly at someone with your index finger can be seen as confrontational or disrespectful. It's better to gesture with an open hand or subtly indicate with your whole hand if you need to point something out.

2. Showing the Sole of Your Foot: In many African cultures, including Namibia, showing the sole of your foot or shoe to someone is considered disrespectful. When sitting, try to keep your feet flat on the ground or crossed at the ankles to avoid inadvertently offending someone.

3. Using the Left Hand: In some cultures, including parts of Namibia, the left hand is considered unclean because it's traditionally associated with personal hygiene tasks. Therefore, using your left hand for gestures, especially when interacting with food or giving something to someone, may be perceived as impolite.

4. Public Displays of Affection: Public displays of affection, such as kissing or hugging, are generally frowned upon in more conservative Namibian communities. It's best to reserve such gestures for private settings.

5. Whistling: In some Namibian cultures, whistling indoors is considered bad luck or disrespectful, particularly at night. This belief varies depending on the specific cultural context, but it's wise to avoid whistling in enclosed spaces to be respectful of local customs.

6. Touching Someone's Head: In many African cultures, including Namibia, the head is considered sacred and touching someone's head without permission is disrespectful. This is especially true for elders or religious leaders.

7. Using Obscene Gestures: Obviously, using obscene gestures or gestures that are offensive in nature, regardless of cultural context, should be avoided.

Sure, here's a version without numbers:

When visiting Namibia, it's important to respect local customs and traditions. Start by greeting people warmly with a handshake or a hug, depending on your relationship. Show deference to elders and address them by their title and last name until invited to use their first name.

Dress conservatively, especially in rural areas, and avoid revealing clothing. Namibians value hospitality, so if invited into someone's home, consider bringing a small gift and be gracious when offered food or drink.

Respect the environment and wildlife by following designated trails, refraining from littering, and not disturbing animals. While English is widely spoken, learning a few words of a local language can be appreciated.

Tipping is not mandatory but is appreciated for good service. Always ask for permission before taking photographs, especially of people.

Lastly, be patient and flexible with scheduling, as social gatherings may operate on a more relaxed timetable. By being mindful of these customs, you can ensure a respectful and enjoyable visit to Namibia.

In Namibia, clothing choices often depend on the region and the weather. Since Namibia has diverse climates ranging from desert to semi-arid, what people wear can vary greatly.

In urban areas like Windhoek, the capital city, and other towns, people generally wear modern Western-style clothing such as jeans, t-shirts, dresses, and suits for formal occasions. However, due to the hot climate, lightweight and breathable fabrics are preferred.

In rural areas, traditional clothing is still common among some ethnic groups. For example, the Himba people in northern Namibia traditionally wear clothing made of animal skins and adorn themselves with jewelry and hairstyles that have cultural significance.

For outdoor activities and safaris, lightweight and breathable clothing in neutral colors such as khaki and olive green are recommended to blend in with the natural surroundings and to protect against the sun and insects.

Overall, comfort and practicality are key considerations when choosing clothing in Namibia, given its often hot and dry climate.

Diet

Mealie (corn) is the staple in Namibia. Other foods include beef, mutton, millet, peanuts, and melons. Fish is an important export food but is not a staple in the Namibian diet.

Namibia Creche -- Hand Carved on a real Ostrich Egg

Family

In most Namibian cultures when a man dies his parents and siblings often inherit the property.The practice of having more than one wife is officially forbidden in Namibia and many households are run by women as single parents.

Recreation

In Namibia, recreational activities encompass a diverse range of pursuits, catering to varied interests across its multicultural society. Sports hold a significant place in Namibian recreation, with football (soccer) being immensely popular. Local leagues and tournaments draw enthusiastic participation and spectatorship, fostering a sense of community spirit. Rugby also enjoys a dedicated following, with Namibia's national team, the Welwitschias, competing internationally. Athletics, cricket, and netball further contribute to the nation's sporting landscape, with grassroots initiatives promoting youth participation and talent development.

Beyond organized sports, Namibians embrace outdoor activities that celebrate the country's stunning natural beauty. Adventure sports such as hiking, camping, and wildlife safaris offer opportunities to explore Namibia's diverse landscapes, from the majestic dunes of the Namib Desert to the rugged terrain of Damaraland. Water-based activities like fishing, boating, and kayaking thrive along Namibia's Atlantic coastline and inland waterways, providing recreational outlets for enthusiasts of all ages.

Cultural pursuits also play a vital role in Namibian recreation, with traditional music, dance, and storytelling events showcasing the nation's rich heritage. Festivals such as the Windhoek Carnival and the Annual Cultural Festival in Ovahimba celebrate Namibia's cultural diversity through music, dance performances, and arts and crafts exhibitions. Urban centers like Windhoek also offer a vibrant nightlife scene, with cafes, restaurants, and entertainment venues catering to residents and visitors alike.

Holidays

  • Independence Day

    3/21

    Independence Day

Dates of Interest

  • December 26th

    Also known as Day of Goodwill, it is a public holiday in Namibia and is often observed as a day for relaxation and spending time with family and friends.

How do people greet each other in Namibia?

Namibians greet each other warmly as brothers and sisters; handshakes are common and friends often hug. In the north, say "Nawa" (Hello) in Oshivambo, and in Afrikaans "Hallo" or "Goeie môre" (Good Morning).

Do

  • Shake hands or hug depending on your relationship
  • Learn a few words of a local language, which is appreciated
  • Show respect to elders

Good to know

  • Among some groups, women and youth bend at the knee to show respect to elders
  • Afrikaans often sounds like German or a cross between German and Dutch

What are the food and eating customs in Namibia?

Mealie (corn) is the staple, alongside beef, mutton, millet, peanuts, and melons. Fish is an important export but is not a staple in the diet.

Do

  • Be gracious when offered food or drink in someone's home
  • Use your right hand when handling food or giving something

Don’t

  • Don't use your left hand for food, as it may be seen as impolite

What etiquette should I follow when visiting Namibians?

Namibians value hospitality; show deference to elders and be gracious when hosted. Be patient with a more relaxed sense of scheduling.

Do

  • Bring a small gift if invited into someone's home
  • Address elders by title and last name until invited to use their first name
  • Ask permission before taking photographs, especially of people
  • Respect the environment by following trails and not disturbing wildlife

Don’t

  • Don't litter or disturb animals

Good to know

  • Tipping is not mandatory but appreciated for good service
  • Social gatherings may run on a more relaxed timetable

How should I dress in Namibia?

Dress conservatively, especially in rural areas, and choose lightweight, breathable fabrics suited to the hot, dry climate. Modern Western-style clothing is common in urban areas like Windhoek.

Do

  • Wear lightweight, breathable clothing due to the heat
  • Choose neutral colors like khaki and olive green for safaris and outdoor activities
  • Dress conservatively in rural areas

Don’t

  • Avoid revealing clothing

Good to know

  • Traditional clothing remains common among some ethnic groups, such as the Himba in the north

Which gestures are considered rude in Namibia?

Several gestures can cause offense, including pointing with the finger, showing the sole of your foot, and using the left hand. The head is considered sacred.

Don’t

  • Don't point directly with your index finger
  • Don't show the sole of your foot or shoe when sitting
  • Don't touch someone's head without permission, especially elders
  • Avoid public displays of affection in conservative communities

Good to know

  • Gesture with an open hand instead of pointing
  • Avoid whistling indoors, which some consider bad luck, especially at night
  • Keep feet flat on the ground or crossed at the ankles

What is family life like in Namibia?

When a man dies, his parents and siblings often inherit the property, and many households are run by women as single parents.

Good to know

  • Having more than one wife is officially forbidden in Namibia

What do people do for fun in Namibia?

Football (soccer) is immensely popular, with rugby, athletics, cricket, and netball also followed. Outdoor adventures like hiking, camping, wildlife safaris, and water sports celebrate the country's natural beauty.

Good to know

  • Namibia's national rugby team is the Welwitschias
  • Festivals like the Windhoek Carnival celebrate cultural diversity through music and dance
  • Windhoek offers a vibrant nightlife with cafes, restaurants, and entertainment venues

Last updated: 2026-07-12 · Sources: CountryReports

Photos of Namibia

Travel and Tourism

Travel Alert Status
Level 1: Exercise Normal Precautions
Currency
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Time Difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Climate
Namibia’s climate is typical of a semi-desert and high plateau country, with hot days and cool nights. In mid-summer (December–February), daytime temperatures can exceed 100°F in lower elevations. In Windhoek, January average high temperatures are in the 90s. Winter (May–September) sees daytime highs of about 70°F; nights can be cold, dipping below freezing. Windhoek enjoys about 300 sunny days a year. Rains usually come from December through March, peaking in February, for a yearly average rainfall of 12–16 inches in Windhoek. The unrelenting dryness of the rest of the year makes the rains refreshing, welcome, and eagerly anticipated, turning the mountains surrounding Windhoek green for the brief summer months.
Airports
136
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Recipes

History

Historical Eras

  1. Pre-Colonial Era

    8000 BCE – 1884

    The San people were the earliest inhabitants of the region, followed by the Nama and Damara. Bantu-speaking Ovambo and Herero peoples migrated southward around the 14th century, establishing pastoral societies across the interior. European contact began tentatively with Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, but the Namib Desert's hostility limited sustained incursion until traders, missionaries, and hunters penetrated the region in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

  2. German Colonial Rule

    1884 – 1915

    Adolf Lüderitz's 1883 land claim set the stage for Germany to formally annex the territory as German South West Africa in 1884. Colonial consolidation was achieved through brutal force, most infamously during the Herero and Nama wars of 1904–08, in which tens of thousands of indigenous people perished in what is widely recognized as one of the first genocides of the 20th century. Germany's administration ended when South African forces occupied the territory during World War I in 1915.

  3. South African Mandate

    1915 – 1966

    South Africa assumed administration of South West Africa under a League of Nations mandate formalized in 1920, granting Pretoria sweeping legislative and administrative powers. After the League dissolved in 1946, South Africa refused UN demands to convert the territory to a trusteeship, effectively annexing it and extending apartheid policies to its population. International legal challenges culminated in a 1971 International Court of Justice opinion declaring South Africa's continued presence illegal.

  4. Liberation Struggle

    1966 – 1990

    SWAPO launched its armed insurgency in 1966 following the UN General Assembly's revocation of South Africa's mandate, intensifying operations after Angola's independence in 1975 provided rear bases in the south. The conflict became entangled in Cold War regional dynamics, with South African forces conducting cross-border raids into Angola and Cuban troops supporting the MPLA government. A negotiated settlement brokered under UN Security Council Resolution 435 led South Africa to agree to Namibian independence in 1988 in exchange for Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola.

  5. Independence & Modern Namibia

    1990 – present

    Namibia achieved independence on March 21, 1990, following UN-supervised elections in which SWAPO won a commanding majority; Sam Nujoma became the country's first president. The new state adopted a multiparty constitutional democracy and pursued national reconciliation, though land redistribution and economic inequality inherited from the colonial era have remained persistent challenges. SWAPO has governed continuously since independence, presiding over relative political stability while the country has developed its mining, tourism, and fishing sectors.

Overview

The San are generally assumed to have been the earliest inhabitants of the region. Later inhabitants include the Nama and the Damara or Berg Dama. The Bantu-speaking Ovambo and Herero migrated from the north in about the 14th century A.D.

The inhospitable Namib Desert constituted a formidable barrier to European exploration until the late 18th century, when successions of travelers, traders, hunters, and missionaries explored the area. In 1878, the United Kingdom annexed Walvis Bay on behalf of Cape Colony, and the area was incorporated into the Cape of Good Hope in 1884. In 1883, a German trader, Adolf Luderitz, claimed the rest of the coastal region after negotiations with a local chief. Negotiations between the United Kingdom and Germany resulted in Germany’s annexation of the coastal region, excluding Walvis Bay. The following year, the United Kingdom recognized the hinterland up to 20 degrees east longitude as a German sphere of influence. A region later known as the Caprivi Strip became a part of South West Africa after an agreement on July 1, 1890, between the United Kingdom and Germany. The British recognized that the strip would fall under German administration to provide access to the Zambezi River and German colonies in East Africa. In exchange, the British received the islands of Zanzibar and Heligoland.

German colonial power was consolidated, and prime grazing land passed to white control as a result of the Herero and Nama wars of 1904-08. German administration ended during World War I following South African occupation in 1915.

On December 17, 1920, South Africa undertook administration of South West Africa under the terms of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and a mandate agreement by the League Council. The mandate agreement gave South Africa full power of administration and legislation over the territory. It required that South Africa promote the material and moral well-being and social progress of the people.

When the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946, the newly formed United Nations inherited its supervisory authority for the territory. South Africa refused UN requests to place the territory under a trusteeship agreement. During the 1960s, as the European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia, which was then known as South West Africa. In 1966, the UN General Assembly revoked South Africa’s mandate.

Also in 1966, the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) began its armed struggle to liberate Namibia, in part from bases abroad. After Angola became independent in 1975, SWAPO established bases in the southern part of that country. Hostilities intensified over the years, particularly in the north.

In a 1971 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice upheld UN authority over Namibia, determining that the South African presence in Namibia was illegal and that South Africa therefore was obligated to withdraw its administration from Namibia immediately. The Court also advised UN member states to refrain from implying legal recognition or assistance to the South African presence.

International Pressure for Independence
In 1977, Western members of the UN Security Council, including Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States (known as the Western Contact Group), launched a joint diplomatic effort to bring an internationally acceptable transition to independence for Namibia. Their efforts led to the presentation in April 1978 of Security Council Resolution 435 for settling the Namibian problem. The proposal, known as the UN Plan, was worked out after lengthy consultations with South Africa, the front-line states (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), SWAPO, UN officials, and the Western Contact Group. It called for the holding of elections in Namibia under UN supervision and control, the cessation of all hostile acts by all parties, and restrictions on the activities of South African and Namibian military, paramilitary, and police.

South Africa agreed to cooperate in achieving the implementation of Resolution 435. Nonetheless, in December 1978, in defiance of the UN proposal, it unilaterally held elections in Namibia which were boycotted by SWAPO and a few other political parties. South Africa continued to administer Namibia through its installed multiracial coalitions. Negotiations after 1978 focused on issues such as supervision of elections connected with the implementation of the UN Plan.

Negotiations and Transition
Intense discussions between the concerned parties continued during the 1978-88 period, with the UN Secretary General’s Special Representative, Martti Ahtisaari, playing a key role. The 1982 Constitutional Principles, agreed upon by the front-line states, SWAPO,

Timeline of Key Events

  1. 1488

    Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias visits.

    Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias visits.

  2. 1886 – 1890

    Present international boundaries established by German treaties with Portugal and Britain.

    Present international boundaries established by German treaties with Portugal and Britain. Germany annexes the territory as South West Africa.

  3. 1915

    South Africa takes over territory during First World War.

    South Africa takes over territory during First World War.

  4. 1968

    South West Africa officially renamed Namibia by UN General Assembly.

    South West Africa officially renamed Namibia by UN General Assembly.

  5. 1988

    South Africa agrees to Namibian independence in exchange for removal of Cuban troops from Angola.

    South Africa agrees to Namibian independence in exchange for removal of Cuban troops from Angola.

  6. 1990

    Namibia becomes independent, with Sam Nujoma as first president.

    Namibia becomes independent, with Sam Nujoma as first president.

  7. 2004

    Road bridge across Zambezi river between Namibia.

    Road bridge across Zambezi river between Namibia, Zambia opens amid hopes for boost to regional trade.

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Interesting Facts

  • The Namib Desert is said to be the world's oldest desert.

  • The sand dunes in the Namib Desert are among the highest sand dunes in the world.

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Geography and Environment

Namibia is an arid country covering more than 320,000 square miles. The Caprivi Strip juts out to the northeast to touch both Zimbabwe and Zambia. Namibia has four distinct geographic regions. The Namib Desert forms a 50- to 70-mile wide belt along the entire coastline. A semiarid and mountainous plateau, varying in altitude from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, covers the central part of the interior and includes Windhoek, the capital city. The low-lying eastern and southeastern plains are extensions of the dry Kalahari Region of Botswana and South Africa. The northern, bush-covered plains include the relatively high rainfall areas of the Kavango and the eastern Caprivi. Windhoek, the capital, has a population of 282,300 and is at an altitude of 5,600 feet. The city itself is hilly and surrounded by sparsely vegetated mountains, creating a landscape that calls to mind Arizona or New Mexico. Indeed, with its bustling downtown commercial section, good-quality roads and public services, and trim residential areas, Windhoek proper could easily pass for a small, southwestern, American city.
Terrain
mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east
Climate
Namibia’s climate is typical of a semi-desert and high plateau country, with hot days and cool nights. In mid-summer (December–February), daytime temperatures can exceed 100°F in lower elevations. In Windhoek, January average high temperatures are in the 90s. Winter (May–September) sees daytime highs of about 70°F; nights can be cold, dipping below freezing. Windhoek enjoys about 300 sunny days a year. Rains usually come from December through March, peaking in February, for a yearly average rainfall of 12–16 inches in Windhoek. The unrelenting dryness of the rest of the year makes the rains refreshing, welcome, and eagerly anticipated, turning the mountains surrounding Windhoek green for the brief summer months.
Natural Hazards
prolonged periods of drought
Current Environmental Issues
very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas
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People & Demographics

Religion

Languages Spoken

English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

  • Afrikaans
  • English
  • German

Population

Population
2,128,471
Population in Major Urban Areas
WINDHOEK (capital) 380,000
Nationality Noun
Namibian(s)
Ethnic Groups
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%

Education

Literacy Definition
age 15 and over can read and write

Health Information

Major Infectious Diseases — degree of risk
high
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Government & Politics

Country Identity

Country Name
Namibia
Full Country Name
Republic of Namibia
Former Name
German Southwest Africa, South-West Africa

Government Structure

Government Type
republic
Legal System
based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution
Executive Branch
chief of state: President Nangolo MBUMBA (since 4 February 2024); note - President Hage GEINGOB died in office on 4 February 2024, and Vice President Mbumba was sworn in to complete the remaining term; MBUMBA was subsequently elected president in the November 2024 general elections head of government: Prime Minister Elijah NGURARE (since March 2025); note - Saara KUUGONGELWA-AMADHILA served as Prime Minister from 2015 until 2025 cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly elections: President elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 27 November 2024 (next to be held in November 2029) election results: Nangolo MBUMBA elected president; percent of vote - Nangolo MBUMBA (SWAPO) 57.8%, Panduleni ITULA (IPC) 25.5%, McHenry VENAANI (PDM) 5.1%, other 11.6%
Legislative Branch
bicameral legislature consists of the National Council (26 seats; 2 members are chosen from each regional council to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly (72 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: National Council - elections for regional councils, to determine members of the National Council, held 29-30 November 2004 (next to be held November 2010); National Assembly - last held 15-16 November 2004 (next to be held November 2009) election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 89.7%, UDF 4.7%, NUDO 2.8%, DTA 1.9%; seats by party - SWAPO 24, UDF 1, DTA 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 75.1%, COD 7.2%, DTA 5%, NUDO 4.1%, UDF 3.5%, RP 1.9%, MAG 0.8%; seats by party - SWAPO 55, COD 5, DTA 4, NUDO 3, UDF 3, RP 1, MAG 1 note: the National Council is primarily an advisory body
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Constitution
ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990
Independence
21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)
National Holiday
Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

Capital City

Capital Name
Windhoek
Capital - geographic coordinate
22 34 S, 17 05 E
Capital Time Difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

may derive from the Afrikaans word "wind-hoek" meaning "windy corner"

Military

Branches: Namibian Defense Force (NDF): Army, Navy, Air Force

Embassy / Diplomatic Mission

The U.S. Embassy Windhoek

Located at: 14 Lossen Street, Ausspannplatz, Windhoek

Mailing address: Private Bag 12029, Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia

Telephone: (264-61) 295-8500

Consular Section: (264-61) 295-8522

Fax: (264-61) 295-8603

After-hours emergency line: (264-81) 127-4384

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Economy

Namibia's economy remains heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of minerals for export, with mining accounting for approximately 12-14% of GDP and over 50% of foreign exchange earnings. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds, and the country is one of the world's largest producers of uranium, ranking among the top three globally alongside Kazakhstan and Canada. Namibia also produces significant quantities of zinc, copper, lead, gold, and lithium, with the latter emerging as a growing sector amid global demand for battery minerals.

The mining sector employs only a small fraction of the workforce, while a large share of the population depends on subsistence agriculture for its livelihood. Namibia typically imports a substantial portion of its cereal requirements, and recurring droughts continue to create serious food security challenges in rural areas. Although Namibia is classified as an upper-middle-income country with one of the higher per capita GDPs in sub-Saharan Africa, this figure masks one of the world's most unequal income distributions, with a Gini coefficient consistently ranking among the highest globally. Unemployment remains high, particularly among youth.

The Namibian economy is closely tied to South Africa through the Common Monetary Area, with the Namibian dollar pegged at parity to the South African rand. Tourism, fisheries, and manufacturing have grown in importance alongside mining. Recent offshore oil and gas discoveries by major international firms in the Orange Basin have generated significant optimism, with potential production expected later this decade positioning Namibia as a possible emerging energy producer. The government has also prioritized green hydrogen development, aiming to leverage the country's solar and wind resources to become a regional renewable energy hub.

Snapshot

Currency Name and Code
Namibia Dollar (NAD) and South Afrtican Rand (ZAR)
GDP — official exchange rate
$4,976,000,000 (USD)
GDP Real Growth Rate
3.5%
Gini Index
70.7

Banknotes

Namibia Money - Front
Namibia Money - Front
Namibia Money - Back
Namibia Money - Back

Budget & Public Finance

Fiscal Year
1 April - 31 March
Annual Budget
$2,039,000,000 (USD)
Public Debt (% of GDP)
39.6%
External Debt
$1,164,000,000 (USD)
Investment (% of GDP)
21.2%
Economic Aid
$160,000,000 (USD)
Current Account Balance
$579,000,000 (USD)
Reserves of Foreign Exchange
$365,000,000 (USD)

Labor, Industry & Trade

Labor Force by Occupation
agriculture 47%; industry 20%; services 33%
Industries
meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products; mining (diamond, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)
Agriculture Products
millet, sorghum, peanuts; livestock; fish
Export Commodities
diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, processed fish, karakul skins
Export Partners
EU 79%, US 4%
Import Commodities
foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Import Partners
US 50%, EU 31%

Energy

Oil Production
0 bbl/day
Oil Consumption
16,000 bbl/day
Oil Reserves
0 bbl/day
Natural Gas Production
0 cu m
Natural Gas Consumption
0 cu m
Natural Gas Imports
0 cu m
Natural Gas Exports
0 cu m
Natural Gas Reserves
62,300,000,000 cu m

Communications

Telephone System
general assessment: good system; core fiber-optic network links most centers and connections are now digital domestic: multiple mobile-cellular providers with a combined subscribership of more than 100 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 264; fiber-optic cable to South Africa, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links to other neighboring countries; connected to the South African Far East (SAFE) submarine cable through South Africa; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat
Internet Country Code
.na

News & Weather

Current Weather

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Climate Overview

Namibia’s climate is typical of a semi-desert and high plateau country, with hot days and cool nights. In mid-summer (December–February), daytime temperatures can exceed 100°F in lower elevations. In Windhoek, January average high temperatures are in the 90s. Winter (May–September) sees daytime highs of about 70°F; nights can be cold, dipping below freezing. Windhoek enjoys about 300 sunny days a year. Rains usually come from December through March, peaking in February, for a yearly average rainfall of 12–16 inches in Windhoek. The unrelenting dryness of the rest of the year makes the rains refreshing, welcome, and eagerly anticipated, turning the mountains surrounding Windhoek green for the brief summer months.

Videos

1 curated YouTube videos.

  • Source: YouTube

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the population of Namibia?
The population of Namibia is approximately 2.1M.
How do people greet each other in Namibia?
Namibians greet each other warmly as brothers and sisters; handshakes are common and friends often hug. In the north, say "Nawa" (Hello) in Oshivambo, and in Afrikaans "Hallo" or "Goeie môre" (Good Morning). Do: Shake hands or hug depending on your relationship Learn a few words of a local language, which is appreciated Show respect to elders Among some groups, women and youth bend at the knee to show respect to elders Afrikaans often sounds like German or a cross between German and Dutch
What are the food and eating customs in Namibia?
Mealie (corn) is the staple, alongside beef, mutton, millet, peanuts, and melons. Fish is an important export but is not a staple in the diet. Do: Be gracious when offered food or drink in someone's home Use your right hand when handling food or giving something Don't: Don't use your left hand for food, as it may be seen as impolite
What etiquette should I follow when visiting Namibians?
Namibians value hospitality; show deference to elders and be gracious when hosted. Be patient with a more relaxed sense of scheduling. Do: Bring a small gift if invited into someone's home Address elders by title and last name until invited to use their first name Ask permission before taking photographs, especially of people Respect the environment by following trails and not disturbing wildlife Don't: Don't litter or disturb animals Tipping is not mandatory but appreciated for good service Social gatherings may run on a more relaxed timetable
How should I dress in Namibia?
Dress conservatively, especially in rural areas, and choose lightweight, breathable fabrics suited to the hot, dry climate. Modern Western-style clothing is common in urban areas like Windhoek. Do: Wear lightweight, breathable clothing due to the heat Choose neutral colors like khaki and olive green for safaris and outdoor activities Dress conservatively in rural areas Don't: Avoid revealing clothing Traditional clothing remains common among some ethnic groups, such as the Himba in the north
Which gestures are considered rude in Namibia?
Several gestures can cause offense, including pointing with the finger, showing the sole of your foot, and using the left hand. The head is considered sacred. Don't: Don't point directly with your index finger Don't show the sole of your foot or shoe when sitting Don't touch someone's head without permission, especially elders Avoid public displays of affection in conservative communities Gesture with an open hand instead of pointing Avoid whistling indoors, which some consider bad luck, especially at night Keep feet flat on the ground or crossed at the ankles
What is family life like in Namibia?
When a man dies, his parents and siblings often inherit the property, and many households are run by women as single parents. Having more than one wife is officially forbidden in Namibia
What do people do for fun in Namibia?
Football (soccer) is immensely popular, with rugby, athletics, cricket, and netball also followed. Outdoor adventures like hiking, camping, wildlife safaris, and water sports celebrate the country's natural beauty. Namibia's national rugby team is the Welwitschias Festivals like the Windhoek Carnival celebrate cultural diversity through music and dance Windhoek offers a vibrant nightlife with cafes, restaurants, and entertainment venues
What is the capital of Namibia?
Windhoek is the capital and largest city of Namibia. Situated in the central highlands of the country, it serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of the nation. Windhoek became the capital following Namibia's independence in 1990, after the country transitioned from South African administration through multi-party elections and the adoption of a new constitution.
Where is Namibia located?
Namibia is located on the southwestern coast of Africa, in the region broadly known as Southern Africa. It lies along the South Atlantic Ocean to the west and is characterized by vast desert terrain, including the ancient Namib Desert, which runs along the entire Atlantic coastline. The country occupies a largely arid portion of the continent between the tropics and the temperate south.
What countries border Namibia?
Namibia shares land borders with four countries. South Africa lies to the south and southeast, Botswana to the east, Zambia to the northeast, and Angola to the north. The country's western edge is defined by its coastline along the South Atlantic Ocean. This geographic position places Namibia at a crossroads of several distinct ecological and cultural zones within Southern Africa.
What is the predominant religion in Namibia?
Christianity is the dominant religion in Namibia, practiced by approximately 90 percent of the population. Within that broad category, Lutheranism is particularly prominent, accounting for roughly 40 percent of the population, a legacy of German and Finnish missionary activity during the colonial era. A smaller portion of the population, approximately 10 percent, continues to observe traditional indigenous beliefs, often alongside or blended with Christian practice.
What currency is used in Namibia?
Namibia uses the Namibia Dollar (NAD) as its official national currency, introduced at independence in 1993. The South African Rand (ZAR) is also accepted as legal tender throughout the country, and the two currencies are pegged at a one-to-one exchange rate. This dual-currency arrangement reflects Namibia's historically close economic ties with South Africa, which administered the territory for much of the twentieth century.
What languages are spoken in Namibia?
English is the sole official language of Namibia, though it is spoken as a first language by only about 7 percent of the population. Afrikaans functions as the most widely used common language across ethnic groups and is spoken by the majority of the white population. German is spoken by approximately 32 percent of the population, a legacy of German colonial rule, while indigenous languages such as Oshivambo, Herero, and Nama are spoken widely among rural and Black African communities.
What is the geography and terrain of Namibia like?
Namibia is a large, predominantly arid country in Southern Africa. Its landscape is dominated by three main zones: the Namib Desert along the Atlantic coast — considered the world's oldest desert — a central highland plateau, and the Kalahari Desert to the east. The Namib Desert contains some of the highest sand dunes in the world. Despite its dry conditions, the country holds significant mineral wealth, including substantial deposits of diamonds, uranium, copper, lead, tin, and zinc, making mining the most important sector of the economy.
What is Namibia known for?
Namibia is known for the Namib Desert, whose towering red sand dunes — particularly those around Sossusvlei — rank among the tallest in the world and draw visitors from across the globe. The country is one of Africa's leading producers of diamonds and uranium, with mining forming the backbone of its economy. Namibia is also recognized for the Etosha National Park, a premier wildlife reserve, and for its complex colonial history involving both German and South African administration, which has left a distinct imprint on its architecture, language, and cultural landscape.

Last reviewed 2026